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COMMON COUNTRY ASSESSMENT
1. The CCA is a common instrument of the United Nations system to analyse the national development situation and identify key development issues with a focus on the MD/MDGs, and other internationally agreed development goals and treaty obligations.
2. A key function of the CCA is to support and strengthen the national development framework which may include planning mechanisms such as: a PRSP, sector programmes, or a joint assistance strategy (JAS), and may also involve direct budget support. The CCA can either contribute to or benefit from monitoring progress towards the PRSP and the MDG Reports (MDGRs). The CCA may also assist in a Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) or a transition strategy, where they are developed.
3. The CCA process should normally result in:
A strategic analysis that identifies the root causes of poverty and other development challenges, and its effects on the population, particularly on excluded groups such as women, minorities, indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, migrants and displaced persons;
The identification of capacity gaps of rights holders to make claims and duty bearers to meet their obligations;
An analysis of opportunities for (and obstacles to) free, active and meaningful participation in national governance and development processes and outcomes;
A substantive contribution to the preparation of the national development framework, working to ensure that national priorities reflect the MD/MDGs and other internationally agreed development goals and treaty obligations;
A contribution to developing measures and capacity for crisis prevention and disaster preparedness; and where applicable to mitigation plans, post-conflict/natural disaster recovery and rehabilitation, and planning the transition from relief to development;
Strengthened national capacities for data analysis and utilization for priority setting, including risk and vulnerability assessments with geographic and beneficiary targeting, making every effort for the collection of accurate data with respect to indigenous peoples, ethnic and other minorities.
4. The structure and content of the CCA document, as well as the steps for preparation are provided in Annex 3.
5. Under any of the options, it is strongly recommended to work with partners to develop or strengthen the indicator framework within the overall national development framework. UNCT efforts should build on what already exists in the country to help establish baselines, identify trends and data gaps, and highlight constraints in country statistical systems. Particular attention should be paid to disaggregation of data (by sex and other key socio-economic variables) and to any research that reflects the situation and views of people who suffer from discrimination. The Box on this page presents information on disaggregation of data. Further details about the indicator framework are in Annex 4.
6. DevInfo is a user-friendly, customizable database system used by UNDG to support national monitoring of human development. It can be customized by the UNCT to link data to the national development framework, the World Summit outcome document, MD/MDGs and the UNDAF as well as other plans of high national priority.
Elements of high quality analysis
A human rights based approach
7. A HRBA involves the use of a conceptual framework to understand the causes of (non-) fulfilment of human rights. It is based on international human rights standards and principles and it develops the capacities of rights-holders to claim their rights and duty-bearers to fulfil their obligations. Apart from its normative value as a set of universally agreed values, standards and principles, the HRBA leads to better and more sustainable outcomes by analyzing and addressing the inequalities, discriminatory practices and unjust power relations which are often at the heart of development problems.
8. Using a HRBA, the purpose of UNCT cooperation at country level is the realization of human rights, including gender equality. It puts the obligations that come with international human rights instruments in the centre of the national development debate, and it clarifies the purpose of capacity development. A HRBA gives the same importance to process as it does to results. The key human rights principles of participation, inclusion, equality, non-discrimination and accountability guide programming to sustain development results. Using a HRBA, the analysis of development challenges focuses on the relation between the people and the state; between the entitlements and claims of the former and the corresponding duties of the latter. This can be summarized in four simple questions:
1. What is happening, where and who is more affected? (assessment)
For every development challenge, identify the inter-related human rights standards and in particular those groups suffering from a greater denial of rights. For example, be clear on the specific gender equality issues that need to be addressed, making reference to the relevant CEDAW Concluding Comments.
2. Why are these problems occurring? (causal analysis)
Identify the underlying and root causes of exclusion, discrimination and inequality.
3. Who has the obligation to do something about it? (role analysis)
Identify individual and institutional duty-bearers and their corresponding obligations.
4. What capacities are needed for those affected, and those with a duty, to take action? (capacity analysis)
Identify the skills, abilities, resources, responsibilities, authority and motivation which are needed by those affected to claim their rights and those obliged to fulfil the rights.
9. Once capacity development assets and needs have been identified, the central question is: where and how can capacity development efforts produce the greatest results? The answer to this question leads to a strategic UNDAF, which is addressed in Part 3.
10. By bringing these questions into the development debate, the UNCT can add depth and quality to country analysis. A Common Learning Package on HRBA has been prepared for UN staff by the inter-agency group on human rights. Part IV of that package will contain detailed information about the steps involved in conducting a human rights based analysis at country level. These steps are also the basis for CCA analysis given in more detail in Annex 3 of these guidelines.
11. Annex 7 provides links to the major human rights conventions. The Concluding Observations and Recommendations of the Treaty Bodies are public documents issued following their consideration of country reports about progress to implement international conventions. Government reports to the treaty bodies may already be critical of the human rights situation in the country. Use of the government’s own report and language can be a good starting place for advocacy on human rights and a HRBA. Support to government to prepare the reports can serve as a capacity development exercise for partners. With regard to the rights protected under the ILO fundamental human rights Conventions, the published findings and recommendations of the ILO Supervisory Bodies provide guidance concerning the progress made in implementation
Gender Mainstreaming
12. Gender mainstreaming is one of the key principles of UN-supported analysis and strategic planning. Providing support for achieving gender equality and eliminating discrimination against women is an important part of the human rights based approach. The UN should help ensure that priorities in the national development framework reflect the country’s commitments to achieving gender equality within the internationally agreed development goals. The UN has a key role to play as a convener of women’s groups and gender equality advocates who can flag gender-sensitive concerns and influence the development agenda. A gender equality resource guide has been prepared to help UN theme groups mainstream gender equality concerns and advocacy for the rights of women and girls into country analysis, the national development framework, and the UNDAF. The practice of gender mainstreaming requires:
Use of the MDGs and associated indicators, the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Beijing Platform for Action as an overarching framework;
Systematic collection of sex-disaggregated data in all activities;
Gender analysis to determine the different ways that females and males experience development challenges and inequality within their socio-economic and cultural context;
Identification of those with claims and those with duties, in a way that recognizes the patterns of discrimination, and of how women and men relate in the country;
Recognition of the specific capacity gaps of claim-holders and of duty-bearers that need to be addressed to promote gender equality; and
Connecting the analysis of problems to gender sensitive actions in the national development framework and the UNDAF.
The UNCT Performance Indicators for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment establishes an accountability framework for assessing the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming by the UNCT. The assessment should feed into review of
the existing UNDAF in order to enhance performance, and as input to the development of a new UNDAF.
Capacity Assessment
13. The objective of capacity assessment is to ensure the systematic application of, and follow up to, country-led assessments within national development exercises. As part of the review of the country analytic work, the UNCT should review the existing information on the relevant sub-regional, national and local capacity assets and identify capacity gaps/needs that must be addressed for sustainable national development. This review should draw on or feed into national or sector capacity assessments and capacity development strategies, including South-South cooperation, and should not be carried out as a separate ad hoc exercise. Refer to the UNDG Position Statement on Capacity Development and the initial tools described in its Annex.
14. During country analysis, the review of capacity assessment may primarily be at system level for specific functional capacities necessary for the successful creation and management of policies, legislation, strategies and programmes during the development cycle. Further more specific technical capacity assessment may follow. A country’s capacity resides on different levels – societal, organisational and individual – so capacity assessments need to be addressed at those levels. Following the initial review, and during the country analysis stage itself, the UNCT should also consider ways of ensuring that detailed assessments of identified capacity needs that have direct bearing especially on UNCT cooperation are incorporated in the national frameworks, and will be monitored and evaluated. Completion of such capacity assessments could be identified and included in the UNDAF.
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